吸烟和男性生育能力
吸烟会增加男性不育的机会。它可对精子活力，精子形态和勃起功能产生显着的有害影响。这些效果与吸烟量有关，因此吸烟的男性应尽可能减少，即使他们不能完全放弃。戒烟后，将这些功能恢复到正常状态需要大约三个月的时间。
吸烟和女性生育能力
吸烟对女性的生育能力也有害。怀孕前可能会导致更长时间的等待，更多的流产，更年期提前和卵子异常。当在吸烟的女性中进行测试时，卵泡液显示出高水平的镉，一种存在于香烟中的重金属，以及可替宁，一种尼古丁的代谢产物。
妇女在怀孕前要戒烟。专家认为，对妇女怀孕影响最大的首推香烟。香烟中的尼古丁有致血管收缩的作用，妇女子宫血管和胎盘血管收缩，不利于精子著床。
吸烟与不孕症有极大的关係。香烟在燃烧过程中所产生的苯丙蒽蓖有致细胞突变的作用，对生殖细胞有损害，卵子和精子在遗传因数方面的突变，会导致胎儿畸形和智力低下。应该注意，不吸烟的妇女如果与吸烟的人在一起，也会受到影响。妻子和吸烟的丈夫在一起，她便会吸入漂浮在空气中的焦油和尼古丁。如果夫妇计画生孩子，就应该在怀孕前戒烟，怀孕后再戒烟为时过晚。
专家研究表明，妇女在怀孕20周以前减少吸烟支数或停止吸烟，所生婴儿的出生重量可接近于非吸烟者的婴儿，但仍有先天性异常的危险，这是由于在怀孕早期阶段或者甚至怀孕前吸烟所引起的。因此，在准备要怀孩子时，夫妇双方应提前停止吸烟。当然，最好是夫妇双方都不吸烟。
Diagnosing and Treating Endometriosis
Diagnosing Endometriosis
A fertility doctor (reproductive endocrinologist) should perform a laparoscopy for the evaluation of endometriosis. These highly trained specialists can often treat the disease during the diagnostic laparoscopy.
Treating Endometriosis
Endometriosis depends on estrogen for growth so drug treatments aim at reducing estrogen levels. It is commonly treated with Lupron, a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. Once the estrogen levels decline the patient can experience all of the side effects normally associated with menopause. However, it will slow endometrial cell growth.
Endometriosis is often surgically removed during a laparoscopy. Fertility specialists meticulously remove all endometriosis lesions as there is some evidence that even small amounts of endometriosis can lower pregnancy rates.
If endometriosis has penetrated the fallopian tubes, in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be the best treatment option. Tubal damage may be so severe that surgical treatment may not be a viable option. There may also be severe damage to the ovaries or other internal organs.
文章来源：havingbabies.com 版权属于 HRC Fertility Clinics, Infertility Treatments Specialist Doctors | IVF Los Angeles Orange County.
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